Kakvåfflor

3 ägg
1 dl socker
2 1/2 dl vetemjöl
1/2 tsk bakpulver
150 g smält smör eller margarin
vaniljsocker eller citronskal

1. smält smör eller margarin i mikrovågsugn på låg effekt
2. Vispa ägg och socker pösigt.
3. Tillsätt vetemjöl, bakpulver och vaniljsocker eller rivet citronskal.
4. Rör sist i det smälta fettet
5. sätt på våffeljärnet och lägg i en klick margarin
6. Häll i 2-3 matskedar smet till varje våffla

Låt våfflorna kallna på galler. Bryt isär dem till hjärtan.

Tips!
en klick grädde och/eller sylt till kakvåfflorna!

källa: Vår kokbok 1978 12:e upplagan

Garas hemgjorda Pizza

🍕Garas hemgjorda Pizza / Garas homemade Pizza

🇸🇪 Den här degen gör man antingen på morgonen samma dag som man ska ha pizza till middag, alternativt redan kvällen innan dagen. Den långa jäsningen gör det här till en ännu godare och bättre deg än den snabba varianten.

1 STOR PIZZA

2 g jäst (2 krm) (ca 1/4 tsk)

100 g vatten (1 dl)

7 g olivolja (4 msk)

150 g vetemjöl special (2 1/2 dl)

2 g strösocker (1/2 tsk)

3 g salt (1/2 tsk)

4 STORA PIZZOR

8 g jäst

400 g kallt vatten (4 dl)

25 g olivolja (2 msk)

600 g vetemjöl special (10 dl)

8 g strösocker (2 tsk)

12 g salt (2 tsk)

Rör ut jästen i vattnet och blanda därefter ned resten av ingredienserna. Degen behöver inte knådas utan bara blandas ordentligt. Låt vila under bakduk cirka 45 minuter.

Ta upp degen på ett mjölat bakbord och dela den i ungefär lika stora bitar. Forma varje degbit till en boll genom att vända degens kanter in mot mitten tills du får en lite spänd yta.

Lägg degen att jäsa på en bricka och täck med plastfolie. Om du håller en droppe olivolja på var och en av degbollarna så går det lätt att dra av plasten senare. Låt jäsa i kylskåp 8-24 timmar (upp till 48 timmar går bra).

Sätt ugnen på högsta värme, förbered dina pizzor och baka av en pizza i taget. Lägg på tomatsås, ost och pålägg och baka tills pizzan ser fin ut, 5-10 minuter.

I Portugal är det enklare att få tag i färsk jäst än torrjästen som jag tror att receptet föreskriver. En sökning på nätet visar att 12 gram torrjäst motsvarar 50 gram färsk jäst. Det innebär 1+1/3 paket (25 g) till "4 stora pizzor". 

Recept för 1 kg mjöl (en påse) vilket ger 8 rejäla pizzor:
50 g Jäst
670 mL vatten
4 msk olivolja
3 tsk strösocker (rågade)
3 tsk salt
1 kg vetemjöl

🇬🇧🇺🇸🇮🇪 You can make this dough either in the morning of the day you plan to have pizza for dinner, or the evening before. The longer fermentation time makes for an even more delicious and flavorful dough than the quicker version.

1 LARGE PIZZA

2 g yeast (2 pinches) (about 1/4 tsp)

100 g water (1 dl)

7g olive oil (4 tbsp)

150 g special wheat flour (2 1/2 dl)

2 g granulated sugar (1/2 tsp)

3 g salt (1/2 tsp)

4 LARGE PIZZAS

8 g yeast

400 g cold water (4 dl)

25 g olive oil (2 tbsp)

600 g special wheat flour (10 dl)

8 g granulated sugar (2 tsp)

12 g salt (2 tsp)

Dissolve the yeast in the water, then mix in the rest of the ingredients. The dough doesn't need to be kneaded, just mixed well. Let it rest under a kitchen towel for about 45 minutes.

Turn the dough out onto a floured surface and divide it into the desired number of pieces. Shape each piece into a ball by folding the edges towards the center until you have a smooth surface. See pictures on page 19.

Place the dough balls on a tray and dab each one with a drop of olive oil to make it easier to remove the plastic wrap later. Let them ferment in the refrigerator for 8-24 hours (up to 48 hours is also fine).

Preheat the oven to its highest temperature, prepare your pizzas with tomato sauce, cheese, and toppings, and bake them one at a time for 5-10 minutes, or until they look done.

In Portugal, it's easier to find fresh yeast than the dry yeast that I believe the recipe calls for. A search online shows that 12 grams of dry yeast is equivalent to 50 grams of fresh yeast. This means 1+1/3 packets (25 g) for "4 large pizzas."

Recipe for 1 kg of flour (one bag) which yields 8 substantial pizzas:

50 g fresh yeast or 13.5 g dry yeast

670 mL water

4 tablespoons olive oil

3 teaspoons granulated sugar (heaped)

3 teaspoons salt

1 kg wheat flour

Tomatsås:

Enkla tomatsåsen 

En stor (780 g) burk med skalade tomater
4 vitlöksklyftor
4 tsk socker
salt
peppar
lite torr timjan

en gren färsk basilika

🇬🇧🇺🇸🇮🇪 Tomato sauce for Douglas birthday 2023-02-18

8 packages  "polpa de tomate" Guloso 

1 whole garlic (a big one!)

4 - 5 or more tbsp white sugar 

1 tsp black pepper

1 whole basil plant

1 beef broth cube

salt

The packages were the larger paper containers. I poured it all into a large saucepan and reduced it to about half the volume on low heat. I added the ingredients except salt and basil. The sugar is supposed to balance the acidity of the tomatoes. I let the sauce cool down to room temperature and added the basil, mixing with a hand blender.

I saved the leftover sauce from Douglas's birthday party and used it for 8 pizzas made from 1 kg flour ase described above.

Tant Harriets pepparkakor

300 gram smör/margarin
5 dl socker
1 dl sirap (eller "caramelo")
2 dl vatten
1 msk ingefära*
2 msk  kanel*
1 msk kryddpeppar*
2 tsk  kardemumma
1 msk   bikarbonat
1,5 liter vetemjöl

Alternativt viktrecept:
300g margarin
450g socker
145g sirap (eller "caramelo")
200g vatten
40g  kanel
15g  ingefära
5g   kryddpeppar
25g bikarbonat
900g vetemjöl

GÖR SÅ HÄR:
1. Rör smör, socker och sirap smidigt.
2. Tillsätt vatten, kryddor, bikarbonat 

3. Tillsätt mjöl, lite i taget under omrörning.
3. Arbeta degen smidig i matberedare eller på bakbordet. Degen ska vara ganska lös.Jag tror att det är 1 msk hela kryddpeppar som avses i originalreceptet och inte mald. 
4. Låt degen vila i kylen till nästa dag.
5. Kavla ut degen tunt och tag ut kakor med mått.
6. Grädda kakorna mitt i ugnen, 4-5 minuter i 225 graders värme.
7. Låt kallna på plåten.

Det är viktigt att knåda degen ordentligt (3). Jag kör med elvisp och degkrokar i 10 - 15 min minst. annar håller inte pepparkakorna ihop innan gräddning. Jag tror att det är 1 msk hela kryddpeppar som avses i originalreceptet och inte mald. Man kan ta dubbla mängden kanel och ingefära, det blir bättre tjong i kakorna. Jag brukar ta 

två msk ingefära, fyra msk kanel och en msk mald kryddpeppar. Jag får inte tag i kardemummapulver så jag brukar strunta i det.

Bönor!

Feijão catarino  = Pintobönor

Feijão frade     = Ögonbönor

Feijão encarnado = Kidneybönor...? Luktar som bruna bönor

Feijão branca    = Vita bönor

Dropbox crash on Ubuntu 15.10 and what to do about it

My dropbox installation recently stopped working on my Ubuntu laptop. Starting from the icon did nothing and starting from the command line produced the following cryptic output:

bjorn@bjorn-ThinkPad-T450s:~$ dropbox start

Starting Dropbox...Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "/usr/bin/dropbox", line 1535, in <module>

    ret = main(sys.argv)

  File "/usr/bin/dropbox", line 1524, in main

    result = commands[argv[i]](argv[i+1:])

  File "/usr/bin/dropbox", line 1395, in start

    if not start_dropbox():

  File "/usr/bin/dropbox", line 732, in start_dropbox

    stderr=sys.stderr, stdout=f, close_fds=True)

  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 710, in __init__

    errread, errwrite)

  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 1335, in _execute_child

    raise child_exception

OSError: [Errno 8] Exec format error

Reinstalling dropbox had no effect, but after some searching I found this post at askubuntu.

They recommended removing the .dropbox-dist folder in the home directory.

I did that, and then issued the following command:

bjorn@bjorn-ThinkPad-T450s:~$ dropbox start -i

Starting Dropbox...Done!

A dialog is initiated informing the user that the Dropbox daemon is being downloaded. After that Dropbox seems to work normally.

Kryddor på svenska, engelska och portugisiska

Jag har gjort en tabell med kryddor på svenska, engelska och portugisiska. Kan vara till hjälp om man vill laga svensk mat i portugal. Länkarna går till wikipedia på respektive språk.

Svenska	English	Português
Kryddpeppar	Allspice	Pimenta dioica, Pimenta-da-jamaica
Kryddnejlika	Clove	Cravo-da-índia
Kanel	Cinnamon	Canela
Kardemumma	Green or True Cardamom	Cardamomo-verdadeiro
Ingefära	Ginger	Gengibre
Sirap	Treacle	Melaço
Pomerans	Bitter orange	Laranja-azeda
Dill	Dill	Endro, Aneto

Spiskummin    Cumin                                Cominho 
Basilika           Basil                                   Manjericão-de-folha-larga
Oregano           Oregano                             Orégano

Mejram            Marjoram                           Manjerona

Saffran             Saffron                               Açafrão

Gurkmeja         Turmeric                            Açafrão-da-terra, Açafrão-da-índia

Paprikapulver  Paprika                               Paprica / Colorau / Pimentão-doce

Grönmynta      Spearmint                           Hortelã-verde

Pepparmynta   Peppermint                         Hortelã-pimenta

N.B. Kummin och spiskummin är inte samma sak.

Dill (Endro) i Portugal förväxlas ofta med funcho vilket är fänkål på svenska. Ibland står det t.om. Endro på prislappen, även om det är fänkål.

Många i portugal kan inte skilja på saffran och gurkmeja, troligen beror detta på att saffran inte används i traditionell matlagning.

Jag har aldrig hittat riktig sirap i Portugal (Melaço). Det behövs t.ex. till pepparkaksdeg. Det finns dock en slags sirapsliknande goja som heter "Caramelo" som funkar lika bra (se bilden nedan). Finns på alla varuhus.

Caramelo!

  

Checksums for circular biological sequences

The content of this post is obsolete, go to www.seguid.org for updated information.

 

The SEGUID checksum

Data pertaining to biological sequences such as DNA, RNA and protein are often stored and transferred in electronic form.

This information is often stored simultaneously on several locations while people are working on or with them. This is a potential source of error, since it is easy to introduce small errors that are hard to spot. 

Biological sequences are essentially information, so cryptographic checksums can be used to verify the integrity of sequences just like any other type of information.

Cryptographic checksums have been implemented for protein sequences to provide a stable identifier that only depends on the primary sequence. 

A checksum called the SEquence Global Unique IDentifier (SEGUID) was suggested by Babnigg and Giometti 2006. SEGUID is the Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1) checksum calculated on the biological  sequence in uppercase and displayed using the base64 encoding.

The SEGUID identifier has been used to create translation tables between different databases holding the same sequences but typically using different id numbers or ways to identify the sequence.

At 27 characters, the checksum is relatively short. The SEGUID for the DNA sequence Gattaca is:

tp2jzeCM2e3W4yxtrrx09CMKa/8

The SHA-1 algorithm has been broken, meaning that so called "hash collisions" can be constructed given enough time and resources. A hash collision means that the same checksum two different pieces of information gives the same checksum.

No hash collisions has been reported for the SHA-1 algorithm by accident and widely used softwares such as GIT still use SHA-1. Alternatives such as the more secure SHA-3 produces quite a bit longer checksums, and are for this reason less readable. 

The url-safe uSEGUID checksum

Unfortunately the original SEGUID checksum used the original Base64 encoding. This encoding contains the "+" and "/" characters. For instance the DNA sequence CAGG gives the SEGUID:

uZdvA+J+luF/IK4TAj+GBTMz688

The backslash "/"and the "+" prevents the use of the checksum in URLs or as a part of a filename on most operating systems. There is an alternative Base64 encoding cells Base64url that substitutes "/"and "+" for "_" and "-" solving this problem. The uSEGUID (short for "url safe SEGUID") is defined as the SEGUID checksum but with Base64url encoding. The uSEGUID for CAGG is:

              uZdvA-J-luF_IK4TAj-GBTMz688

It is worth noting that the uSEGUID and SEGUID checksums can be constructed from each other by two character substitutions.

The cSEGUID checksum for circular sequences

The same storage and transmission problems that apply to protein sequences also apply to circular DNA sequences, such as plasmids. However, the uSEGUID checksum is not directly useful for circular DNA sequences, since there is up to 2n unique and equivalent representations for a double stranded circular sequence of length n.

For example, if we consider the circular double stranded 6 bp DNA sequence AGCCTA, the twelve sequences below are equal representations:

AGCCTA    TAGGCT

GCCTAA    AGGCTT

CCTAAG    GGCTTA

CTAAGC    GCTTAG

TAAGCC    CTTAGG

AAGCCT    TTAGGC

In my own line of work, I often have to evaluate plasmids constructed in-silico by students. A unique checksum for the correct sequence would make it easier to do this.

For this reason I developed the cSEGUID checksum as a general solution for this problem. The cSEGUID is defined as the uSEGUID checksum calculated from the lexicographically smallest rotation of any rotation of the sequence itself or its reverse complement. The smallest rotation of AGCCTA is marked in blue above.

The cSEGUID for the DNA sequence AGCCTA is:

            OQ1RGvO0Y6C-zYuUxVjE84O-yvI

This is also the uSEGUID of AAGCCT which is the smallest rotation of the sequence.

The cSEGUID is guaranteed to be as unique as the uSEGUID since a circular string that is not a concatenation of two substrings is guaranteed to have only one smallest rotation.

The lSEGUID checksum for linear double stranded DNA sequences

For completeness there should be a checksum definition for linear double stranded DNA molecules. These can take several shapes as they come with either blunt or staggered ends:

                                                                                                                                    

Molecule                 Repr #1          Repr #2

blunt dsDNA:             GATT             AATC

                         CTAA             TTAG

5' overhang:            aGATT            aAATC             

                         CTAAa            TTAGa

3' overhang:             GATTa            AATCa

                        aCTAA            aTTAG

5' and 3' overhang:     aGATTa            AATC

                         CTAA            aTTAGa

3' and 5' overhang:      GATT            aAATCa

                        aCTAAa            TTAG

The table above describes five different double stranded DNA molecules. The two columns contain equivalent representations of the molecules. A checksum for linear DNA sequences should give different values for each of the molecules, but should be the same for each representation. I have defined a checksum called lSEGUID that fulfils these criteria.

The lSEGUID checksum for a blunt DNA sequence is defined as the uSEGUID checksum of the lexicographically smallest of the upper (watson) or lower (crick) strands. For instance, the lSEGUID for the molecule below is the uSEGUID for AACT, since this is lexicographically smaller than GATT.

Molecule                 Repr #1          Repr #2

blunt dsDNA:             GATT             AATC

                         CTAA             TTAG

For DNA sequences that are not blunt, the algorithm starts by selecting the  lexicographically smallest representation. The smallest representation of the staggered molecule below has been marked in blue.

Molecule                 Repr #1          Repr #2

5' overhang:             aGATT            aAATC             

                          CTAAa            TTAGa

Starting from the smallest representation, The lSEGUID checksum it defined as the uSEGUID checksum of a string concatenation called "repr" below with the following definition:

repr = chr(65)*upper_overhang+watson+chr(10)+chr(65)*lower_overhang+crick

The string above can easily be printed in any computer language to produce the representation. Chr(65) is the ASCII single white space character " " and chr(10) is the ASCII line break "\n". The upper_overhang and  lower_overhang are integers describing the number of white spaces needed in order to produce the correct stagger. 

For the molecule below, upper_overhang is zero and lower_overhang has has a value of one.

                   aAATC             

                    TTAGa

For the molecule above, the repr string becomes:

                    "aAATC\n TTAGa"

The uSEGUID of "aAATC\n TTAGa" is:  

            zjuf6OAJQNP1nSAUtAnSOHi5BOA

Implementations of uSEGUID, cSEGUID and lSEGUID are available from the pydna Python package in the pydna.utils module. 

For uSEGUID, cSEGUID and lSEGUID of a blunt DNA molecule, there is also a standalone seguid calculator software and an online app.